10 Day Intensive Training on Fundamentals and Dynamics of the LNG Industry

Course Overview

This comprehensive professional development program is designed for Energetic professionals who want to build careers in the LNG industry, Professionals working in the oil and gas industry, Senior engineers and technocrats of government energy departments or organizations, and Any other professional willing to broaden their knowledge of the LNG industry responsible for implementing LNG industry fundamentals and dynamics across supply-chain resilience and SWOT-based risk management, integrated LNG value-chain management from upstream production through shipping and receiving terminals, and LNG shipping and terminal handling safety and cargo-transfer operations in multi-organizational contexts. The program addresses proven practices in Qatar LNG supply-chain resilience management, Qatargas integrated LNG value-chain excellence, and US LNG shipping and terminal handling safety where a 2022 Energies study by Al-Haidous, Al-Breiki, Bicer, and Al-Ansari from Hamad Bin Khalifa University using SWOT analysis to evaluate the resilience of Qatar’s LNG supply chain highlighting that Qatar has gained a substantial competitive advantage by constructing one of the world’s most efficient and reliable LNG end-to-end supply chains, thus owning and managing the whole LNG supply chain, putting it ahead of competitors in the LNG market and showing that Qatar is the world’s biggest LNG exporter with a fleet of 69 LNG ships including 24 conventional and 31 Q-Flex and 14 Q-Max using the most recent technology to guarantee that gas is transported safely and in an ecologically friendly manner and cost-effectively, Baker Hughes documenting that Qatargas 2 was the world’s first project to fully integrate the entire LNG value chain including production wells and liquefaction and processing plants and a dedicated fleet of massive new ships and new receiving terminals in Europe with Baker Hughes supplying two game-changing liquefaction megatrains with an unprecedented LNG capacity of 7.8 million tons per annum each making QG2 the world’s largest by a long shot, and the US National Petroleum Council LNG Shipping and Terminal Handling Topic Paper authored by Shahzaad Mohammed and Guy Nicholls of Cheniere Energy confirming that the global LNG market is well developed with mature standards and regulations and industry organizations and that under this well-regulated system voyages and tonnage of cargo have increased dramatically and safely since 2010 with the size and capacity of LNG tankers also increasing to further address market demand.

The curriculum integrates Basics of LNG Industry, Development and Production, Storage and Logistics, LNG as a Business, LNG Cargo, Finance and Management, LNG Legal Attributes, and Custody Transfer Process to provide comprehensive coverage of LNG industry principles, supply-chain and logistics management methodologies, and LNG cargo and custody transfer and legal compliance integration domains for achieving LNG industry fundamentals and dynamics excellence.

Why This Course Is Required?

Qatar LNG supply-chain resilience management represents a critical competency where Al-Haidous et al. from Hamad Bin Khalifa University categorized risks associated with the LNG supply chain into four dimensions of political and regulatory and safety and security and environmental effects and reliability of new technologies, and identified Qatar’s strengths as including abundant natural gas resources with 872 trillion cubic meters of natural gas reserves in Qatar making it the third-largest single non-associated gas resource in the world after Russia and Iran equal to 12 percent of global natural gas production, and a large LNG fleet base and long-term and short-term contracts, and opportunities as including growing demand and divertable contracts and strategic partnerships, and threats as including increased competition and unexpected shipping regulations and charter volatility and the Strait of Hormuz. Qatargas integrated LNG value-chain excellence demands specialized knowledge where Baker Hughes documented that QG2 was the world’s first project to fully integrate the entire LNG value chain and that every aspect of the project was ambitious and astounding and that overall success depended on the ability to achieve unprecedented economies of scale, with the project requiring Frame 9E turbines rated for 130 MW of mechanical-drive power and six centrifugal compressors per megatrain including propane cycle and mixed refrigerant cycle and nitrogen cycle compressors with impeller sizes up to 1,800 mm, and that the inauguration of QG2 Trains 4 and 5 in April and September 2009 more than doubled the production capacity available from the three older trains at QG1. US LNG shipping and terminal handling safety requires professionals with LNG operations expertise where the NPC Topic Paper confirmed that ship-to-shore transfer operations are equipped with emergency shutdown systems and specially designed loading arms with integrated emergency release couplings between two adjacent ball valves intended to provide a clean break-away in case of an ESD and if deployed would result in a negligible spill of LNG, and that most if not all LNG terminals have their own dedicated tugs and line handling services for LNG traffic with the tugs specially built vessels to a higher Fire Fighting Class 1 Standard.

LNG industry professionals must master LNG basics fundamentals including reserves exploration and global outlook and shipping and import and export and cost and value parameters and stakeholders and future prospects, understand comprehensive development and production and storage and logistics and LNG business frameworks including exploration to production process and worldwide production and LNG conditioning process and sales gas and gas specification and international markets and refrigeration and storage tank system and compression and nitrogen rejection process and gas pipeline system and transportation of LNG and exporting and importing countries and LNG trade and benchmarks and market structure and economics of production plants and demand and supply and risk assessment and value estimation, and apply proper LNG cargo and finance and management and legal and custody transfer methods including terminals and terminal operations and cargo transfers and ship transfers and loading procedures and pre- and post-loading operations and pre- and post-arrival operations and LNG plant management and project management and conflict prevention and resolution and commerciality of LNG structures and finances and finance structures and fundings and capital markets and terminal regulations and transport regulations and shipping contracts and environmental impacts and regulations and import and export agreements and upstream and downstream agreements and ISM code and custody transfer procedure and custody measurement types and certification of custody and loading certification and temperature measurement and volumetric measurement and quality control mechanisms and safety protocols to ensure organizations achieve superior Qatar LNG supply-chain resilience management and enhanced Qatargas integrated LNG value-chain excellence and improved LNG shipping and terminal handling safety and competitive advantage through continuous supply-chain risk assessment and BOG management and custody transfer governance protocols.

Research demonstrates training is crucial for success, with the Qatar LNG supply-chain study showing that professionals who understand end-to-end LNG chain dynamics including production and liquefaction economics and BOG management and transportation strategies can add strategic value in operations and project management and commercial roles in major LNG organizations with the course’s modules on development and production and storage and logistics and LNG as a business building that breadth of knowledge for career advancement, while the Qatargas integration case demonstrating that engineers and managers who understand all phases of the LNG value chain from upstream gas conditioning to shipping contracts and receiving terminals can take on senior cross-functional roles in multinational projects with by covering LNG plant management and project management and finance structures and legal attributes professionals gaining the commercial and managerial depth needed to progress in global LNG organizations, and the US DOE overview of LNG terminal handling highlighting that personnel who understand terminal safety protocols and loading procedures and pre- and post-arrival operations and custody transfer processes are essential for safe and efficient cargo operations.

Course Objectives

Upon successful completion, participants will have demonstrated mastery of:

• The latest pricing trends and what is going on in the LNG market.
• The fundamentals required to understand the LNG business including supply-chain dynamics and liquefaction economics and BOG management.
• The expertise for handling equipment involved in the extraction, handling, and storage of LNG reserves.
• Current technological advancements and methodologies widely used in LNG operations including Q-Flex and Q-Max vessels with re-liquefaction units.
• In-depth knowledge of mechanisms involved in locating LNG reserves and the geophysics involved.
• Effective use of simulation tools and algorithms used in LNG engineering and planning.
• Knowledge of the evolving dynamics of the gas industry and its key importance to global energy transition.
• Understanding of international law involved in natural resource exploration including UNCLOS and ISM code obligations.
• Understanding of LNG supply chain from wellhead to customer including shipping and receiving terminal operations.
• Expertise in risk management and assessment for LNG supply chains across political and regulatory and safety and environmental dimensions.
• Adoption of codes of ethics and understanding of the effects of LNG exploration and production on marine life.
• Ability to apply SWOT-based resilience frameworks to evaluate LNG supply-chain strengths and weaknesses and threats and opportunities and translate findings into actionable SO and WO and ST and WT strategies that improve competitiveness and minimize disruption risk.
• Proficiency in LNG cargo transfer and custody transfer procedures including volumetric and temperature measurement and quality control and emergency shutdown protocols to support safe and efficient terminal and shipping operations.

Master LNG industry fundamentals and dynamics excellence and drive supply-chain resilience and integrated value-chain management success. Enroll today to become a Certified LNG Industry Professional!

Training Methodology

This collaborative 10-Day Intensive Training on Fundamentals and Dynamics of the LNG Industry comprises the following training methods:

The training framework includes:

• Lectures delivered by experienced LNG industry professionals
• Seminars and Presentations covering latest LNG market trends and pricing dynamics
• Group Discussions on real-world LNG supply-chain challenges and risk management
• Assignments applying SWOT analysis to LNG supply-chain resilience assessment
• Case Studies and Functional Exercises including Qatar LNG supply-chain SWOT evaluation and Qatargas integrated value-chain analysis and US DOE LNG terminal handling safety protocols

This immersive approach fosters practical skill development and real-world application of LNG industry fundamentals and dynamics principles through comprehensive coverage of LNG basics and development and production and storage and logistics and LNG cargo and finance and management and legal attributes and custody transfer domains with emphasis on measurable supply-chain efficiency improvement and BOG reduction and terminal safety enhancement.

This program follows the Do-Review-Learn-Apply model, creating a structured learning journey that transforms traditional LNG operations approaches into professional LNG industry fundamentals and dynamics excellence.

Who Should Attend?

This 10-Day Intensive Training on Fundamentals and Dynamics of the LNG Industry is designed for:

• Energetic professionals who want to build careers in the LNG industry
• Professionals working in the oil and gas industry
• Senior engineers and technocrats of government energy departments or organizations
• Any other professional willing to broaden their knowledge of the LNG industry

Organizational Benefits

Organizations implementing LNG industry fundamentals and dynamics training will benefit through:

• Significantly enhanced Qatar LNG supply-chain resilience management through comprehensive training delivering measurable returns where the Energies SWOT study confirmed that Qatar has gained a substantial competitive advantage by constructing one of the world’s most efficient and reliable LNG end-to-end supply chains owning and managing the whole LNG supply chain putting it ahead of competitors in the LNG market and that the country can be more equipped to react to future unforeseen risk occurrences and instantly recover from any potential interruptions if it boasts independent shipping capabilities in addition to well-established production and liquefaction facilities, with the study recommending SO strategies combining abundant natural gas resources and optimal geographical location with growing demand for cleaner fuels and divertable contracts to expand market share in emerging economies exactly what training teaches​
• Better Qatargas integrated LNG value-chain excellence through Baker Hughes case study confirming that the inauguration of QG2 Trains 4 and 5 in April and September 2009 more than doubled the production capacity available from the three older trains at QG1 and that the technologies developed and installation lessons learned on the project enhanced Baker Hughes’ efficiency and capabilities for subsequent expansion projects at Qatargas 3 and Qatargas 4 and Ras Laffan 3 with all six new megatrains propelling Ras Laffan Industrial City’s LNG production to over 77 million tons per annum, with the project requiring deep expertise in LNG conditioning and refrigeration and shipping contracts and terminal operations and project financing closely matching this course’s modules as organizational benefits highlighted in training​
• Improved LNG shipping and terminal handling safety through NPC Topic Paper confirming that the global LNG market is well developed with mature standards and regulations and industry organizations ensuring safe transit and storage of LNG with the Ship-to-shore transfer operations equipped with emergency shutdown systems and specially designed loading arms with integrated emergency release couplings and that emergency response plans are developed and exercised routinely at LNG terminals driven in the United States by regulations including 33 CFR Part 127 requiring an emergency manual to be approved by the Captain of the Port addressing release response procedures and emergency shutdown procedures and emergency procedures for mooring and unmooring a vessel validating course content
• Strengthened competitive advantage through expertise in gas supply chain dynamics and fundamentals to expand growth in the LNG sector and technical knowledge of operating and managing LNG infrastructures such as terminals and control centers and in-depth knowledge of logistics of LNG and basics of its transportation and project management of LNG plants and other infrastructure and policymaking and administrative knowledge to handle LNG business and risk management and feasibility of the business model and training of personnel on-site and off-site

Studies show that organizations implementing comprehensive LNG industry fundamentals and dynamics training achieve significantly enhanced delivery outcomes as research confirms the Qatar SWOT study showing that recommendations from SWOT matrix analysis for SO strategies include investing in additional vessels and diversifying and expanding LNG markets and building strategic partnerships to increase market share and for WO strategies include installing advanced gas re-liquefaction systems on existing fleet and modernizing facilities for efficient operations and maximizing LNG sales through long-term and spot contracts and for ST strategies include increasing production efficiency and improving logistics systems and optimizing supply chains and for WT strategies include diversifying supply chains and implementing efficient operations and improving safety to minimize the possibility of major accidents reinforcing the course’s emphasis on supply-chain dynamics and risk assessment and logistics, better organizational outcomes through Qatargas value-chain evidence demonstrating that Baker Hughes’ continuous evolution of Frame 9/1E turbine technology with 132 MW power and 34.6 percent simple-cycle efficiency and up to 5 ppm NOx emissions at base load and improvements to centrifugal compressors with single-stage efficiency increased up to 6 percent since QG2 confirms the organizational value of training professionals in LNG conditioning and refrigeration and project management, and improved competitive positioning as the NPC Topic Paper confirmed that containment system improvements have reduced boil-off gas rate to about 0.08 percent per day from the traditional 0.15 percent per day and that LNG carriers are now fitted with re-liquefaction systems such that any excess boil-off is re-liquefied and returned to cargo tanks while organizations benefit from personnel who understand BOG management and re-liquefaction technology and terminal safety protocols and custody transfer procedures.

Empower your organization with LNG industry fundamentals and dynamics expertise. Enroll your team today and see the transformation in supply-chain resilience and integrated value-chain management excellence!

Personal Benefits

Professionals implementing LNG industry fundamentals and dynamics training will benefit through:

• Deeper understanding of LNG supply-chain dynamics mastery and strategic value-addition through the Qatar LNG supply-chain study showing that professionals who understand end-to-end LNG chain dynamics including production and liquefaction economics and BOG management and transportation strategies can add strategic value in operations and project management and commercial roles in major LNG organizations, with the course’s modules on development and production and storage and logistics and LNG as a business building that breadth of knowledge for career advancement​
• Enhanced LNG value-chain integration mastery and cross-functional senior-role capability through the Qatargas integration case demonstrating that engineers and managers who understand all phases of the LNG value chain from upstream gas conditioning to shipping contracts and receiving terminals can take on senior cross-functional roles in multinational projects, with by covering LNG plant management and project management and finance structures and legal attributes professionals gaining the commercial and managerial depth needed to progress in global LNG organizations​
• Stronger LNG terminal-safety mastery and cargo-transfer value-addition through the US DOE LNG terminal handling overview highlighting that personnel who understand terminal safety protocols and loading procedures and pre- and post-arrival operations and custody transfer processes are essential for safe and efficient cargo operations, with the course’s modules on LNG cargo and custody transfer procedures including volumetric measurement and temperature measurement and quality control directly preparing professionals for those responsibilities
• Advanced expertise in LNG industry principles, supply-chain and logistics management methodologies, and LNG cargo and custody transfer and legal compliance integration domains
• Enhanced career prospects and marketability in LNG operations, terminal management, LNG shipping, project management, and LNG finance and commercial roles with professionals gaining skills in BOG management, re-liquefaction technology, custody transfer, SWOT-based risk assessment, and integrated LNG value-chain management
• In-depth understanding of the LNG industry and ability to explore new opportunities in multinational LNG organizations
• Increased confidence and skillset to train other professionals and new entrants to the LNG industry
• Enables professionals to have required knowledge to be promoted within the organization and handle cargo and transport basics of the LNG industry

Course Outline

The course covers the following areas important to understanding the LNG industry:

Module 1: Basics of LNG Industry

• Reserves exploration
• Global outlook
• Shipping
• Import and export
• Cost and value parameters
• Stakeholders
• Future prospects of the LNG industry
• Wellhead-to-customer supply-chain overview
• Key LNG market players and roles

Module 2: Development and Production

• Exploration to the production process
• Worldwide production
• LNG conditioning process
• Sales gas
• Gas specification
• International markets
• Worldwide production
• Refrigeration
• Liquefaction technology types and selection
• Boil-off gas generation and early management

Module 3: Storage and Logistics

• Storage tank system
• Compression
• Nitrogen rejection process
• Gas pipeline system
• Transportation of LNG
• Exporting and importing countries
• LNG tank types and design considerations
• Shipping route risks and chokepoint management

Module 4: LNG as a Business

• LNG trade
• LNG benchmarks
• Market structure
• Economics of production plants
• Demand and supply
• Risk assessment
• Value estimation
• SWOT-based supply-chain resilience assessment
• Long-term versus spot contract strategies

Module 5: LNG Cargo

• Terminals
• Terminal operations
• Cargo transfers
• Ship transfers
• Loading procedures
• Pre and post-loading operations
• Pre- and post-arrival operations
• Equipment
• Emergency shutdown and loading arm release procedures
• BOG management and re-liquefaction during transfer

Module 6: Finance and Management

• LNG Plant management
• Project management
• Conflict prevention and resolution
• Commerciality of LNG structures
• Finances and finance structures
• Fundings
• Capital markets
• Project financing structures for LNG developments
• Key performance indicators for plant and terminal management

Module 7: LNG Legal Attributes

• Terminal Regulations
• Transport regulations
• Shipping contracts
• Environmental impacts and regulations
• Import and export agreements
• Upstream and downstream agreements
• ISM code
• UNCLOS obligations for LNG shipping operations
• US and international LNG terminal compliance frameworks

Module 8: Custody Transfer Process

• Custody transfer procedure
• Custody measurements types
• Certification of custody
• Loading certification
• Temperature measurement
• Volumetric measurement
• Quality control mechanisms
• Safety protocols
• Measurement uncertainty and commercial settlement impacts
• Role of independent inspection and certification bodies

Real World Examples

Qatar LNG supply chain – SWOT resilience evaluation

Implementation: Al-Haidous, Al-Breiki, Bicer, and Al-Ansari at Hamad Bin Khalifa University applied a three-step SWOT methodology of material collection and SWOT analysis and strategy recommendations to evaluate the resilience of Qatar’s LNG supply chain, identifying internal strengths including abundant natural gas resources with 872 trillion cubic meters of reserves equal to 12 percent of global production and a large LNG fleet base of 69 ships including 31 Q-Flex and 14 Q-Max vessels with re-liquefaction capabilities and long-term contracts and optimal geographical location, and internal weaknesses including GHG emissions and production of boil-off gas, and external opportunities including growing demand and divertable contracts and strategic partnerships, and external threats including increased competition and unexpected shipping regulations and charter volatility and the Strait of Hormuz. The study documented major accidents in the LNG supply chain including the 2013 collision of the Hanjin Italy container ship with a 216,224 m³ LNG carrier in the Malacca Strait carrying full LNG cargo from Ras Laffan in Qatar for the Futtsu LNG terminal in Japan and the March 2021 Evergreen containership grounding in the Suez Canal that halted canal traffic averaging 50 transits a day with 686 LNG carriers having transited the Suez Canal in 2020 representing 7 percent of global LNG transportations and the blockade increasing shipping periods for LNG from the Middle East to Europe to 27 days or 10 more days than shipping via the Suez Canal. The SWOT matrix was applied across four distinct strategies of SO combining internal strengths with external opportunities and WO addressing internal weaknesses through external opportunities and ST combining internal strengths to prevent external threats and WT reducing internal weaknesses to avoid external threats, with the SO strategy recommending investing in additional vessels and diversifying and expanding LNG markets and building strategic partnerships to increase market share while the WO strategy recommended installing advanced gas re-liquefaction systems on existing fleet and maximizing LNG sales through long-term and spot contracts.​

Results: The study concluded that Qatar can be more equipped to react to future unforeseen risk occurrences and instantly recover from any potential interruptions if it boasts independent shipping capabilities in addition to well-established production and liquefaction facilities, with the reliance of international purchasers on Qatar as a dependable LNG supplier growing as the country’s LNG supply systems become more resilient, and that Qatar is investing heavily to retain its position as the world’s most dominant player by expanding LNG production capacity by approximately 64 percent by 2027 to achieve 126 million metric tons of LNG per year. Results illustrated how supply-chain economics and risk assessment and logistics and shipping content directly addressed in this course’s Modules 1 through 4 translate into organizational resilience and competitive advantage, confirming that professionals who understand end-to-end LNG chain dynamics including production and liquefaction economics and BOG management and transportation strategies can add strategic value in operations and project management and commercial roles in major LNG organizations.​

Qatargas LNG trains – First fully integrated LNG value chain

Implementation: Baker Hughes’ relationship with Qatar’s LNG industry began with the supply of three LNG liquefaction trains driven by 12 Frame 5 gas turbines for Qatargas 1 which delivered its first LNG to market in 1997, before being asked to support Qatargas 2 which became the world’s first project to fully integrate the entire LNG value chain including production wells and liquefaction and processing plants and a dedicated fleet of massive new ships and new receiving terminals in Europe with every aspect of the project ambitious and astounding and overall success depending on the ability to achieve unprecedented economies of scale. The solution required supplying two game-changing liquefaction megatrains with an unprecedented LNG capacity of 7.8 million tons per annum each making QG2 the world’s largest by a long shot, with the project requiring Frame 9E turbines rated for 130 MW of mechanical-drive power at ISO conditions and equipped with an innovative DLN combustion system to maintain NOx emissions below 25 ppm and the ability to burn fuel gas with high nitrogen content, and six centrifugal compressors per megatrain covering the propane cycle and mixed refrigerant cycle and nitrogen cycle with unprecedented casing and impeller sizes up to 1,800 mm and dry gas seals with internal diameters of 350 mm qualified for the application. Baker Hughes also provided a Contractual Service Agreement specifically designed to deliver availability and productivity guarantees over the full asset lifecycle including comprehensive operational decision support and maintenance management and outage excellence and a suite of digital services including advanced remote monitoring and diagnostics and event analysis and component lifecycle evaluations.​

Results: The inauguration of QG2 Trains 4 and 5 in April and September 2009 more than doubled the production capacity available from the three older trains at QG1 with technologies developed and installation lessons learned on the project enhancing Baker Hughes’ efficiency and capabilities for subsequent expansion projects at Qatargas 3 and Qatargas 4 and Ras Laffan 3 with all six new megatrains propelling Ras Laffan Industrial City’s LNG production to over 77 million tons per annum, and continuous evolution of the Frame 9/1E turbine design with 132 MW power and 34.6 percent simple-cycle efficiency and up to 5 ppm NOx emissions at base load and centrifugal compressor improvements with single-stage efficiency increased up to 6 percent since QG2 and new robotic welding techniques guaranteeing lower cost and highest quality and shorter manufacturing lead times. Results confirmed that the project required deep expertise in LNG conditioning and refrigeration and shipping contracts and terminal operations and project financing closely matching this course’s modules on development and production and LNG cargo and finance and management and legal attributes, illustrating how technical knowledge of the complete LNG value chain enables engineers and managers to take on senior cross-functional roles in multinational projects.​

US DOE – LNG shipping and terminal handling safety practices

Implementation: The National Petroleum Council LNG Shipping and Terminal Handling Topic Paper authored by Shahzaad Mohammed and Guy Nicholls of Cheniere Energy describes how the global LNG shipping fleet in 2018 consisted of 525 vessels including conventional LNG carriers and 31 LNG ships converted to Floating Storage and Regasification Units and 5 floating storage units with a total of 5,119 LNG trade voyages completed in 2018 representing an increase of 8 percent over the previous year and from a total of approximately 4,000 in 2015, with three international industry groups playing a critical role in LNG shipping and terminal operation including the Oil Companies International Tanker Operator and the Society of International Gas Tanker and Terminal Operators and the International Group of Liquefied Natural Gas Importers setting standards and providing best practices and lessons learned within the industry. LNG shipping and port maneuvering and waterway suitability are validated by use of full mission bridge simulations involving captains and pilots and tug operators with ship-to-shore interface and mooring and berthing analyses and modeling undertaken using sophisticated software to satisfy safety and environmental criteria established by OCIMF and PIANC, and for LNG terminals in more congested ports areas or narrower waterways passing ship studies are completed to ensure that LNG jetty structures and equipment are designed to safely hold LNG carriers considering external influencing factors, with transfer of LNG from the terminal to the ship via specialized marine loading arms with several swivel joints to accommodate a range of ship motions while connected to the terminal and integrated emergency release couplings between two adjacent ball valves intended to provide a clean break-away in case of an ESD. Emergency Response Plans are developed and exercised routinely at LNG terminals driven in the United States by regulations with 33 CFR Part 127 requiring an emergency manual to be approved by the USCG Captain of the Port addressing release response procedures and emergency shutdown procedures and emergency procedures for mooring and unmooring a vessel, with the USCG conducting an annual inspection of the facility and security and emergency requirements governing ships bound to the US required to be in accordance with the Marine Transportation Security Act covering marine ports of entry and terminals.

Results: The NPC Topic Paper confirmed that under this well-regulated system voyages and tonnage of cargo have increased dramatically and safely since 2010 and that containment system improvements have reduced boil-off gas rate to about 0.08 percent per day from the traditional 0.15 percent per day and that LNG carriers are now fitted with re-liquefaction systems such that any excess boil-off is re-liquefied and returned to cargo tanks further increasing transportation efficiency, with LNG ship-to-ship transfers now considered normal operations with more than 2,000 transfers completed inclusive of floating storage and re-gas operations. Results confirmed the importance of terminal operations and safety protocols and cargo transfer procedures covered in this course’s Modules 5, 7, and 8, demonstrating that personnel who understand terminal safety protocols and loading procedures and pre- and post-arrival operations and custody transfer processes are essential for safe and efficient cargo operations in an industry that has grown dramatically and safely through adherence to mature standards and industry best practices.

Be inspired by leading LNG industry fundamentals and dynamics achievements. Register now to build the skills your organization needs for supply-chain resilience and integrated value-chain management excellence!